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The book begins with the nineteenth-century Italian criminologist Lombroso. He argued that criminals carry primitive traits; the theory was later discarded, and the biological perspective fell out of favor in criminology for a long time.
Raine believes society has long underestimated the role of neuroscience in understanding crime. He proposes a "biosocial" framework: violence results from the interaction of biological predispositions and environmental factors. He stresses that biology influences behavior but does not determine destiny.
He hopes readers will see that the roots of violence are more complex than we imagine.
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